Database Normalization - Part 52

What are the goals of database normalization?
or
Why do we normalize databases?
or 
What is database normalization?

Database normalization is the process of organizing data to minimize data redundancy (data duplication), which in turn ensures data consistency.







Let's understand with an example, how redundant data can cause data inconsistency. Consider Employees table below. For every employee with in the same department, we are repeating, all the 3 columns (DeptName, DeptHead and DeptLocation). Let's say for example, if there 50 thousand employees in the IT department, we would have unnecessarily repeated all the 3 department columns (DeptName, DeptHead and DeptLocation) data 50 thousand times. The obvious problem with redundant data is the disk space wastage.


Another common problem, is that data can become inconsistent. For example, let's say, JOHN has resigned, and we have a new department head (STEVE) for IT department. At present, there are 3 IT department rows in the table, and we need to update all of them. Let's assume I updated only one row and forgot to update the other 2 rows, then obviously, the data becomes inconsistent.


Another problem, DML queries (Insert, update and delete), could become slow, as there could many records and columns to process.

So, to reduce the data redundancy, we can divide this large badly organised table into two (Employees and Departments), as shown below. Now, we have reduced redundant department data. So, if we have to update department head name, we only have one row to update, even if there are 10 million employees in that department.

Normalized Departments Table


Normalized Employees Table


Database normalization is a step by step process. There are 6 normal forms, First Normal form (1NF) thru Sixth Normal Form (6NF). Most databases are in third normal form (3NF). There are certain rules, that each normal form should follow.

Now, let's explore the first normal form (1NF). A table is said to be in 1NF, if
1. The data in each column should be atomic. No multiple values, sepearated by comma.
2. The table does not contain any repeating column groups
3. Identify each record uniquely using primary key.

In the table below, data in Employee column is not atomic. It contains multiple employees seperated by comma. From the data you can see that in the IT department, we have 3 employees - Sam, Mike, Shan. Now, let's say I want to change just, SHAN name. It is not possible, we have to update the entire cell. Similary it is not possible to select or delete just one employee, as the data in the cell is not atomic.


The 2nd rule of the first normal form is that, the table should not contain any repeating column groups. Consider the Employee table below. We have repeated the Employee column, from Employee1 to Employee3. The problem with this design is that, if a department is going to have more than 3 employees, then we have to change the table structure to add Employee4 column. Employee2 and Employee3 columns in the HR department are NULL, as there is only employee in this department. The disk space is simply wasted.


To eliminate the repeating column groups, we are dividing the table into 2. The repeating Employee columns are moved into a seperate table, with a foreign key pointing to the primary key of the other table. We also, introduced primary key to uniquely identify each record.